ISAK Home

Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Volume 5, Issue 2, Year 2025

Articles

Anthropometry, Physical Fitness and Cardiovascular Risk in the Colombian Population

  • Ana María Torres Pazmiño,
  • Silvana Corrêa Matheus
Ana María Torres Pazmiño
Universidade Federal de Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, ES, Brasil.
Silvana Corrêa Matheus
Universidade Federal de Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, ES, Brasil.
PDF
DOI: https://doi.org/10.34256/ijk2521

Published 03-08-2025

Keywords

  • Physical Fitness,
  • Body Composition,
  • Cardiovascular Diseases,
  • Hemodynamic Parameters,
  • Cardiovascular Risk

How to Cite

Torres Pazmiño, A. M., & Matheus, S. C. (2025). Anthropometry, Physical Fitness and Cardiovascular Risk in the Colombian Population. International Journal of Kinanthropometry, 5(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.34256/ijk2521

Copyright (c) 2025 Ana María Torres Pazmiño, Silvana Corrêa Matheus

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Dimensions

Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

Abstract

Introduction: This study highlights the importance of physical activity as a preventive strategy against the estimated risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD risk%) in Colombian adults aged 30 to 55, emphasizing the role of anthropometric variables. Based on the Framingham model (2008) and WHO recommendations (2017), key indicators such as body mass index (BMI), abdominal circumference, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and visceral fat (VF) were analyzed, along with hemodynamic parameters and physical fitness tests. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 56 adults. Heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), anthropometric variables (BMI, WHR, VF, muscle mass, body fat), and physical fitness (trunk flexibility, arm and abdominal strength, and aerobic endurance) were assessed. CVD risk% was estimated using the Framingham model (2008). Descriptive statistics and Pearson and Spearman correlations were applied. Results: A total of 21.6% of participants presented high CVD risk%. About 34% had HR >80 bpm and 47.9% had elevated SBP. High levels of VF and body fat percentage were found, along with low or moderate muscle mass. More than 70% scored low or average in at least three physical fitness tests. Significant correlations were found between CVD risk% and age (r = 0.744), VF (r = 0.729), SBP (r = 0.674), and WHR (r = 0.547). Flexibility, strength, and aerobic endurance were inversely associated with risk. The findings support the use of kinanthropometry in identifying cardiovascular risk, highlighting visceral fat as a key predictor, especially among men and physically inactive adults. Conclusion: There is a significant association between cardiovascular risk, body composition, and physical fitness. It is recommended to incorporate anthropometric assessments into preventive strategies in physical education and public health.

PDF

References

  1. AHA/ACC (2017). American Heart Association / American College of Cardiology. Redefinición de la hipertensión arterial por primera vez en 14 años: 130 es el nuevo valor para la presión alta. Guías de la AHA/ACC. Dallas, TX. Recuperado de https://newsroom.heart.org/news/redefinicion-de-la-hipertension-arterial-por-primera-vez-en-14-anos-130-es-el-nuevo-valor-para-la-presion-alta
  2. Alemán-Mateo, H., Esparza-Romero, J., Valencia, M.E. (1999). Antropometria y composicion corporal en personas mayores de 60 anos. Importancia de la actividad fisica. Salud publica de Mexico, 41(4): 309-316.
  3. American Heart Association, (2018) All About Heart Rate (Pulse). Recuperado de https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/the-facts-about-high-blood-pressure/all-about-heart-rate-pulse
  4. Augusto, C.H.C. (2011). Evaluación antropométrica del estado nutricional empleando la circunferencia del brazo en estudiantes universitarios. Nutrición Clínica y Dietética Hospitalaria, 31(3): 22–27. https://revista.nutricion.org/PDF/Evaluacion-antropometrica.pdf
  5. D’Agostino, R.B., Vasan, R.S., Pencina, M.J., Wolf, P.A., Cobain, M., Massaro, J.M., Kannel, W.B. (2008). General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation, 117(6): 743–753. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.699579
  6. Bouzas, J.F.B. (2012). Fisioterapia em Movimento, 25(1): 219–230. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-51502012000100021
  7. Bray, G.A., Gray, D.S. (1988). Obesity. Part I—Pathogenesis. Western Journal of Medicine, 149(4): 429–441.
  8. Chao, Y.P., Lai, Y.F., Kao, T.W., Peng, T.C., Lin, Y.Y., Shih, M.T., Chen, W.L., & Wu, L.W. (2017). Mid-arm muscle circumference as a substantial factor against mortality among people with elevated gamma gaps. Oncotarget, 9(1): 1311–1325. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.19372
  9. Després J.P. (2012). Body fat distribution and risk of cardiovascular disease: an update. Circulation, 126(10): 1301–1313. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.067264
  10. Díaz-Realpe, J.E., Muñoz-Martínez, J., Sierra-Torres, C.H. (2007). Factores de riesgo para enfermedad cardiovascular en trabajadores de una institución prestadora de servicios de salud, Colombia. Revista de Salud Pública, 9(1), 64–75. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/revsaludpublica/article/view/96387
  11. Doupe, M.B., Martin, A.D., Searle, M.S., Kriellaars, D.J., Giesbrecht, G.G. (1997). A new formula for population-based estimation of whole body muscle mass in males. Canadian journal of applied physiology, 22(6): 598–608. https://doi.org/10.1139/h97-039
  12. Durnin, J.V., Womersley, J. (1974). Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 years. The British journal of nutrition, 32(1): 77–97. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19740060
  13. Esparza-Ros, F., Vaquero-Cristóbal, R., Marfell-Jones, M. (2019). International standards for anthropometric assessment. International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK).
  14. Gallagher, D., Heymsfield, S.B., Heo, M., Jebb, S.A., Murgatroyd, P.R., Sakamoto, Y. (2000). Healthy percentage body fat ranges: an approach for developing guidelines based on body mass index. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 72(3): 694–701. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/72.3.694
  15. García, J.H., López, E.J.M. (2002). Pruebas de aptitud física. Editorial Paidotribo. https://books.google.com.br/books/about/PRUEBAS_DE_APTITUD_F%C3%8DSICA.html?id=QAl0ugcRccgC&redir_esc=y
  16. Golding, L., Myers, C., Sinning, W. (1989). Y’s way to physical fitness: The complete guide to fitness testing and instruction (3rd ed.). Human Kinetics Publishers. https://archive.org/details/yswaytophysicalf00gold/page/n9/mode/2up
  17. Hunsicker, P.A., Reiff, G.G. (1976). Youth Fitness Test Manual. Revised Edition. Washington, D.C.: AAHPER Publications-Sales. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED120168
  18. Janssen, I., Heymsfield, S.B., Wang, Z.M., & Ross, R. (2000). Skeletal muscle mass and distribution in 468 men and women aged 18–88 yr. Journal of Applied Physiology, 89(1): 81–88. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.89.1.81
  19. Katagiri, H., Yamada, T., Oka, Y. (2007). Adiposity and cardiovascular disorders: disturbance of the regulatory system consisting of humoral and neuronal signals. Circulation research, 101(1): 27–39. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.107.151621
  20. Lohman, T.G. (1992). Advances in body composition assessment. Current issues in exercise science series. Monograph, (3). https://archive.org/details/advancesinbodyco0000lohm/page/n5/mode/2up
  21. Lucas, A.,Viana, E., Brazão, M., Bichels, M., Kawazoe, J., Munir, R., Aparício, C., Albuquerque, F., Rezende, L., Pereira, J., Pinto, M. (1999). Posicionamento oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte e da Sociedade Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia: Atividade física e saúde no idoso. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 5(6): 207-211. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-86921999000600002
  22. Morrow, J.R., Jackson, A.W., Disch, J., Mood, D. (2003). Medida e avaliação do desempenho humano (2a ed.). Porto Alegre: Artmed. https://books.google.com.br/books/about/Medida_e_Avalia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Desempenho_Human.html?id=Jbm-AwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y
  23. Mukaka, M.M. (2012). Statistics Corner: A Guide to Appropriate Use of Correlation Coefficient in Medical Research. Malawi Medical Journal, 24(3): 69–71.
  24. Omron Healthcare, I. (2008). Full Body Sensor Body Composition Monitor and Scale Model HBF-514. https://www.manualslib.com/manual/115145/Omron-Hbf-514.html
  25. OMS (1997). Organización Mundial de la Salud. Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation on obesity. Ginebra: OMS. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/63854
  26. OMS (2010). Organización Mundial de la Salud. Recomendaciones mundiales sobre la actividad física para la salud. https://www.who.int/es/publications/i/item/9789241599979
  27. OMS (2017a). Organización Mundial de la Salud. Enfermedades cardiovasculares: datos y cifras. Recuperado de https://www.who.int/es/health-topics/cardiovascular-diseases#tab=tab_1
  28. OMS (2017b). Organización Mundial de la Salud. 10 datos sobre la obesidad. Recuperado de https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
  29. Patiño Villada, F.A., Arango Vélez, E.F., Quintero Velásquez, M.A. Arenas Sosa, M.M. (2011). Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en una población urbana de Colombia. Revista de Salud Pública, 13(3): 433–445. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/revsaludpublica/article/view/15012
  30. Rikli, R., Jones, C. (2008). Teste de Aptidão Física para Idosos. California State University, Fullerton: Editorial Manole.
  31. Rodríguez, L., Lázaro, M., Santos, B. (2007). Importancia pronóstica de la frecuencia cardiaca en la población general y en pacientes con enfermedad arterial coronaria e hipertensión arterial. Posibles mecanismos. Revista Española de Cardiología, 7(Supl D), 2D–8D. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1131-3587(07)75770-9
  32. Spirduso, W.W. (2005). Dimensões físicas do envelhecimento. Editora Manole Ltda.
  33. Tejada de Azuero, E.L., Herrera, J.A., Moreno, C.H. (2000). Identificación temprana de riesgo cardiovascular y de cáncer por pruebas-filtro de laboratorio en funcionarios de la Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia 1999-2000. Colombia Médica, 31(3): 131–134. https://doi.org/10.25100/cm.v31i.3.165
  34. Varela, E. A. (2007). Aspectos epidemiológicos. Guías colombianas para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial. Revista Colombiana de Cardiología, 13(1): 189-194. https://1library.co/document/ynn4nx1y-febrero-2007-volumen-13-suplemento-1-revista-colombiana-de-cardiologia.html
  35. Von Döbeln, W., (1964). Determination of body constituents. En G. Blix (Ed.), Ocurrences, causes and prevention of overnutrition. Upsala: Almquist and Wiksell.
  36. Whyte, J.L., Lapuerta, P., L'Italien, G.J., & Franklin, S.S. (2001). The Challenge of Controlling Systolic Blood Pressure: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988–1994. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension. 3, (4): 211-216.
  37. Whyte, J.L., Lapuerta, P., L'Italien, G.J., Franklin, S.S. (2001). The challenge of controlling systolic blood pressure: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988--1994. Journal of clinical hypertension, 3(4): 211–216. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-6175.2001.00461.x